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UNIT–I ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS

1.1 Optimal operation of Generators in Thermal power stations – Heat rate curve – Cost Curve – Incremental fuel and Production costs - Input–output characteristics

1.2 Optimum generation allocation with line losses neglected - Optimum generation allocation including the effect of transmission line losses – Loss Coefficients – General transmission line loss formula

UNIT–II HYDROTHERMAL SCHEDULING

2.1 Optimal scheduling of Hydrothermal System:Hydroelectric power plant models

2.2 Scheduling problems – Short term Hydrothermal scheduling problem

UNIT–III UNIT COMMITMENT

3.1 Optimal unit commitment problem

3.2 Need for unit commitment – Constraints in unit commitment

3.3 Cost function formulation – Solution methods – Priority ordering – Dynamic programming

UNIT–IV LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

4.1 Modeling of steam turbine – Generator – Mathematical modeling of speed governing system

4.2 Transfer function – Modeling of Hydro turbine – Necessity of keeping frequency constant

4.3 Definitions of Control area – Single area control – Block diagram representation of an isolated power system – Steady state analysis – Dynamic response – Uncontrolled case – Load frequency control of two area system – Uncontrolled case and controlled case – Tie–line bias control

UNIT–V LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROLLERS

5.1 Proportional plus Integral control of single area and its block diagram representation

5.2 Steady state response

5.3 Load Frequency Control and Economic dispatch control

UNIT–VI REACTIVE POWER CONTROL

6.1 Overview of Reactive Power control

6.2 Reactive Power compensation in transmission systems – Advantages and disadvantages of different types of compensating equipment for transmission systems

6.3 Load compensation – Specifications of load compensator

6.4 Uncompensated and compensated transmission lines:Shunt and series compensation – Need for FACTS controllers