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Unit - I
1. Kinetic Theory of Gases
Introduction – Deduction of Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds, Transport phenomena –
Viscosity of gases – Thermal conductivity – Diffusion of gases.
2. Thermodynamics
Basics of thermodynamics – Kelvin’s and Claussius statements – Thermodynamic scale of temperature –
Entropy, Physical significance – Change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes – Entropy and
disorder – Entropy of universe – Temperature – Entropy (T-S) diagram – Change of entropy of a perfect gas
– Change of entropy when ice changes into steam.
Unit - II
3. Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell’s Equations
Thermodynamic potentials – Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations – Clausius – Clayperon’s
equation – Derivation for ratio of specific heats – Derivation for difference of two specific heats for perfect
gas. Joule Kelvin effect – Expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Vanderwaal’s gas.
4. Low Temperature Physics
Joule kelvin effect – Liquefaction of gas using porous plug experiment. Joule expansion – Distinction
between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion – Expression for Joule Thomson cooling – Liquefaction
of helium, Kapitza’s method – Adiabatic demagnetization – Production of low temperatures – Principle of
refrigeration, vapour compression type.
Unit - III
5. Quantum Theory of Radiation
Black body-Ferry’s black body – Distribution of energy in the spectrum of black body – Wein’s displacement
law, Wein’s law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law – Quantum theory of radiation – Planck’s law – Deduction of Wein’s
distribution law, Rayleigh – Jeans law, Stejan’s law from Planck’s law.
Measurement of radiation using pyrometers – Disappearing filament optical pyrometer – Experimental Determination
– Angstrom pyroheliometer – Determination of solar constant, Effective temperature of sun.
Unit - IV
6. Statistical Mechanics
Introduction, postulates of statistical mechanics. Phase space, concept of ensembles and some known
ensembles, classical and quantum statistics and their differences, concept of probability, Maxwell-
Boltzmann’s distribution law – Molecular energies in an ideal gas-Maxwell-Boltzmann’s velocity distribution
law, Bose-Einstein Distribution law, Fermi-Dirac Distribution law, comparison of three distribution laws,
Application of B-E distribution to Photons-planks radiation formula, Application of Fermi-Dirac statistics
to white dwarfs and Neutron stars.
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