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SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
1.1 Digestion 1.1.1 Enzymes: Definition, classification, inhibition, regulation. 1.1.2 Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and cellulose 1.1.3 Absorption, assimilation of digested food 1.1.4 Role of gastrointestinal hormones in digestion 1.2 Excretion 1.2.1 Classification of animals on the basis of excretory products: Ammonotelic, Uricotelic and Ureotelic 1.2.2 Structure and function of nephron 1.2.3 Urine formation counter current mechanism 1.3 Osmoregulation 1.3.1 Water and ionic regulation by fresh water 1.3.2 Brackish water and marine water animals
UNIT-II
2.1 Homeostasis 2.1.1 Concept of homeostasis 2.1.2 Mechanism of homeostasis 2.2 Respiration 2.2.1 Definition of respiration, respiratory mechanism, external, internal and cellular respiration 2.2.2 Respiratory pigments, transport of oxygen, oxygen dissociation curves, Bohr’s effect, transport of carbon dioxide, chloride shift 2.2.3 Regulation of respiration: nervous and chemical mechanism 2.3 Circulation 2.3.1 Types of circulation, Open and closed, Structure of mammalian heart 2.3.2 Types of hearts, Neurogenic and myogenic 2.3.3 Heart functions, Conduction and regulation of heartbeat, Regulation of heart rate 2.3.4 Tachycardia, bradycardia, Blood clotting mechanism
UNIT-III
3.1 Muscle Contraction 3.1.1 Types of muscles 3.1.2 Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibre 3.1.3 Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction mechanism and energetics 3.1.4 Twitch, tetanus, summation, Treppe, fatigue 3.2 Nerves 3.2.1 Structure of neuron 3.2.2 Resting potential, threshold potential, action potential, conduction of nerve impulse 3.2.3 Transmission of nerve impulse 3.2.4 Synapse, synaptic transmission neurotransmitters EPSP, IPSP 3.3 Endocrine Systems 3.3.1 Endocrine glands–Structure, secretion, function of Pituitary, Thyroid 3.3.2 Hormone action and concept of secondary messengers 3.3.3 Male and female hormones, hormonal control of menstrual cycle in human beings
UNIT-IV
4.1 Animal Behaviour 4.1.1 Types of behaviour and acquired instinctive behaviour. 4.1.2 Behaviour taxes, reflexes tropisms 4.2 Learning and Memory 4.2.1 Types of learning, trial and error learning imprinting, habituation 4.2.2 Conditioning: Classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, examples of conditioning, Pavlov’s experiment 4.3 Social Behaviour and Communication 4.3.1 Colonial existence of bees and termites, pheromones 4.4 Biological Rhythms 4.4.1 Biological clocks, circadian rhythms, circumlunar rhythms, circannual rhythms
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CategoriesArts and Science
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TypeeBook