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SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Introduction: Language Processors, The Structure of a Compiler, The Science of Building a Compiler, Programming Language Basics. Lexical Analysis: The Role of the Lexical Analyzer, Input Buffering, Recognition of Tokens, The LexicalAnalyzer Generator Lex, Finite Automata, From Regular Expressions to Automata, Design of a LexicalAnalyzer Generator, Optimization of DFA-based Pattern Matchers.

UNIT-II

Syntax Analysis: Introduction, Context-Free Grammars, Writing a Grammar, Top-Down Parsing, Bottom-Up Parsing, Introduction to LR Parsing: Simple LR, More Powerful LR Parsers, Using Ambiguous Grammars, Parser Generators.

UNIT-III

Syntax-Directed Translation: Syntax-Directed Definitions, Evaluation Orders for SDD’s, Applications of Syntax-Directed Translation, Syntax-Directed Translation Schemes and Implementing L-Attributed SDD’s. Intermediate-Code Generation: Variants of Syntax Trees, Three-Address Code, Types and Declarations, Type Checking, Control Flow, Back Patching, Switch-Statements, Intermediate Code for Procedures.

UNIT-IV

Run-Time Environments: Storage Organization, Stack Allocation of Space, Access to Nonlocal Data on The Stack, Heap Management, Introduction to Garbage Collection, Introduction to Trace-based Collection. Code Generation: Issues in the Design of a Code Generator, The Target Language, Addresses in the Target Code, Basic Blocks and Flow Graphs, Optimization of Basic Blocks, A Simple Code Generator, Peephole Optimization, Register Allocation and Assignment, Dynamic Programming Code-Generation.

UNIT-V

Machine-Independent Optimizations: The Principal Sources of Optimization, Introduction to Data-Flow Analysis, Foundations of Data-Flow Analysis, Constant Propagation, Partial-Redundancy Elimination, Loops in Flow Graphs.