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1.1 INTRODUCTION: Human activities and environmental pollution. Water for various beneficial uses and quality requirement. Need for protected water supply.
1.2 DEMAND OF WATER: Types of water demands- domestic demand in detail, institutional and commercial, public uses, fire demand.
1.3 Per capita consumption -Factors affecting per capita demand, Population forecasting, Different methods with merits &demerits- variations in demand of water.
1.4 Fire demand -Estimation by Kuichling’s formula, Freeman formula & national board of fire underwriters formula, peak factors, design periods & factors governing the design periods
2.1 SOURCES: Surface and subsurface sources -Suitability with regard to quality and quantity.
2.2 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF WATER: Intake structures -Different types of intakes; Factor of selection and location of intakes.
2.3 Pumps- Necessity, types – power of pumps; Factors for the selection of a pump.
2.4 Pipes – Design of the economical diameter for the rising main; Nomograms – use; Pipe appurtenances.
3.1 QUALITY OF WATER: Objectives of water quality management. Wholesomeness & palatability, Water borne diseases.
3.2 Water quality parameters – Physical, chemical and Microbiological.
3.3 Sampling of water for examination.
3.4 Water quality analysis (IS: 3025 and IS: 1622) using analytical and instrumental techniques. Drinking water standards BIS & WHO guidelines. Health significance of Fluoride, Nitrates and heavy metals like Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic etc. And toxic / trace organics.
4.1 WATER TREATMENT: Objectives – Treatment flow-chart. Aeration- Principles, types of Aerators.
4.2 SEDIMENTATION: Theory, settling tanks, types, design. Coagulant aided sedimentation, jar test, chemical feeding, flash mixing, and clariflocculator.
5.1 FILTRATION: Mechanism – theory of filtration, Types of filters, slow sand, rapid sand and pressure filters including construction, operation, cleaning and their design – excluding under drainage system -Back washing of filters.Operational problems in filters.
6.1 DISINFECTION: Theory of disinfection, Types of disinfection, Chlorination, chlorine demand, residual chlorine, use of bleaching powder.
6.2 UV irradiation treatment – treatment of swimming pool water
6.3 SOFTENING – definition, methods of removal of hardness by lime soda process and zeolite process RO & Membrane technique.
7.1 MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENT: Removal of color, odor, taste, use of copper sulfate, adsorption technique, Fluoridation and defluoridation.
7.2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: System of supply, Service reservoirs and their capacity determination, Methods of layout of distribution systems.
8.1 MISCELLANEOUS: Pipe appurtenances, Various valves, Type of fire hydrants, Pipefitting, Layout of water supply pipes in buildings.
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CategoriesCivil
Format EPUB
TypeeBook