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SYLLABUS
UNIT-1
Physiology
1.1 Digestion
1.1.1 Digestion definition, extra and intracellular digestion.
1.1.2 Digestion of carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and cellulose.
1.1.3 Absorption and assimilation of digested food, Role of gastrointestinal hormones in digestion.
1.2 Respiration
1.2.1 Definition of respiration and respiratory mechanisms – External, Internal and cellular.
1.2.2 Respiratory pigments, Transport of oxygen, Oxygen dissociation curves, Bohr’s effect.
1.2.3 Transport of CO2 – Chloride shift; Regulation of respiration – Nervous and chemical.
1.3 Circulation
1.3.1 Types of circulation - Open and closed circulation.
1.3.2 Structure of mammalian heart, Types of hearts – Neurogenic and myogenic; Heart function –
Conduction and regulation of heart beat.
1.3.3 Regulation of heart rate – Tachycardia and bradycardia; Blood clotting mechanism.
1.4 Excretion
1.4.1 Classification of animals on the basis of excretory products- Ammonotelic, Uricotelic, Ureotelic.
1.4.2 Structure and function of nephron.
1.4.3 Urine formation, Counter current mechanism.
UNIT-2
Physiology
2.1. Muscle contraction
2.1.1 Types of muscles
2.1.2 Ultra structure of skeletal muscle fibre
2.1.3 Sliding filament theory, muscle contraction mechanism and energetics.
2.2. Nerve impulse
2.2.1 Structure of neuron
2.2.2 Nerve impulse - Resting potential, action potential and conduction of nerve impulse
2.2.3 Synapse, types of synapses and synaptic transmission.
2.3. Endocrine system
2.3.1 Endocrine glands - Structure, Secretions and functions of pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal
glands and pancreas
2.3.2 Hormone action and concept of secondary messengers
2.3.3 Male and female hormones, Hormonal control of menstrual cycle in humans.
UNIT-3
Physiology and Biochemistry
3.1. Homeostasis and enzymes
3.1.1 Concept of homeostasis.
3.1.2 Mechanism of homeostasis.
3.1.3 Osmoregulation - Water and ionic regulation by freshwater, Brackish water and marine animals.
3.1.4 Enzymes: Definition, Classification, Inhibition and regulation.
3.2. Biomolecules and metabolism
3.2.1. Carbohydrates: Classification and function of carbohydrates.
3.2.2. Carbohydrate metabolism - Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
3.2.3 Proteins: Classification of proteins based on functions and chemical nature.
3.2.4 Protein metabolism - Transamination, Deamination and urea cycle.
3.2.5 Lipids: Classification of lipids.
3.2.6. Lipid metabolism - Fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation.
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